{"id":2047,"date":"2015-10-26T06:10:00","date_gmt":"2015-10-26T06:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sltr.local\/?p=2047"},"modified":"2023-09-27T06:18:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-27T06:18:05","slug":"zygosity-testing-should-be-encouraged-for-all-same-sex-twins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/publication\/zygosity-testing-should-be-encouraged-for-all-same-sex-twins\/","title":{"rendered":"Zygosity testing should be encouraged for all same-sex twins"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"publication-container\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-85967e23 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FOR: A genetic test is essential to determine zygosity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8024b029\">\n<p>J.M. Craig,&nbsp;N.L. Segal,&nbsp;M.P. Umstad,&nbsp;T.L. Cutler,&nbsp;L.A. Keogh,&nbsp;J.L. Hopper,&nbsp;M. Rankin,&nbsp;J. Denton,&nbsp;Catherine A. Derom,&nbsp;A. Sumathipala,&nbsp;J.R. Harris,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"publish-date wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2015-10-26T06:10:00+00:00\">October 2015<\/time><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"taxonomy-category wp-block-post-terms\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/category\/publication\/papers\/\" rel=\"tag\">Papers<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/category\/publication\/\" rel=\"tag\">Publication<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<p>BJOG; An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology 122: 1641-1641<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13639\">10.1111\/1471-0528.13639<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-33811260\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\">Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Twin pairs are either monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ). Diagnosis of zygosity has traditionally been based on sex, genetics and\/or chorionicity (Derom et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res<\/em>, 2001;4:134\u20136). A monochorionic placenta, determined using first-trimester ultrasound scans and confirmed by placental examination at birth, means the twin pair is MZ, with rare exceptions. Different-sex, dichorionic pairs are usually DZ. However, as approximately one-third of MZ pairs and nearly all DZ pairs have separate chorions and placentae, it is impossible to determine zygosity by placentation alone. For these pairs, a genetic test is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The above rules of zygosity determination are frequently misunderstood, mainly because of the false assumptions that all dichorionic twin pairs are DZ and that MZ pairs must be physically identical. Up to one-third of families could be misinformed about twin zygosity, resulting in difficulties with medical decision-making, confusion and\/or distress (Cutler et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res Hum Genet<\/em>&nbsp;2015;18:298\u2013305; van Jaarsveld et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>BJOG<\/em>&nbsp;2012;119:517\u201318).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many documented reasons why zygosity knowledge is medically important (Derom et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res<\/em>&nbsp;2001;4:134\u20136; Keith et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>J Reprod Med<\/em>&nbsp;1997;42:699\u2013707). Identification of monochorionicity allows referral for clinical monitoring to detect twin-to-twin transfusion, which, if not managed correctly, poses a high risk of fetal death and neurological injury. Postnatally, MZ pairs are perfectly compatible donors for one another. The diagnosis of a disease in one twin typically means that the co-twin is at increased risk, more so for MZ pairs. Furthermore, due to placental blood sharing between MZ pairs, genetic tests should be performed on tissues other than blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Twins and parents attest that zygosity knowledge is important for understanding the phenotypic differences between twins, defining their social relationships, defining themselves as individuals, determining the likelihood of further twins in the family and for avoiding embarrassment when questioned (Derom et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res<\/em>&nbsp;2001;4:134\u20136; Cutler et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res Hum Genet<\/em>&nbsp;2015;18:298\u2013305; van Jaarsveld et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>BJOG<\/em>&nbsp;2012;119:517\u201318). Zygosity knowledge can also invoke a positive emotional response (Cutler et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res Hum Genet<\/em>&nbsp;2015;18:298\u2013305). Zygosity is valuable for twin research, in which free zygosity testing is often offered (Derom et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>Twin Res<\/em>&nbsp;2001;4:134\u20136). For all the above reasons, knowledge of chorionicity and zygosity has been called a \u2018birthright\u2019 (Keith et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;<em>J Reprod Med<\/em>&nbsp;1997;42:699\u2013707).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We would like to encourage the standard practice that same-sex twins and their families be advised that if they wish to know the pair&#8217;s zygosity, the only way to be certain is to have a zygosity test. In many countries the current cost is \u20ac100 to \u20ac300 (US$100 to US$300). We understand that some may not wish to know and that, in some families, there may be ethical implications if only one of a pair of twins seeks such information, but counselling options are available in such instances. We also support raising awareness of the methods for determining chorionicity and zygosity. We believe that this will benefit both twins and researchers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8b71c1c5\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-68630121\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-5e518491\">\n<p>Website:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-87ee0c4a\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13639\">Zygosity testing should be encouraged for all same\u2010sex twins &#8211; Craig &#8211; 2015 &#8211; BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynaecology &#8211; Wiley Online Library<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-0fcdaf73\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-aa1e510a\">\n<p>PDF:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8d389701\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13639\">https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13639<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Twin pairs are either monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ). Diagnosis of zygosity has traditionally been based on sex, genetics and\/or chorionicity (Derom et al. Twin Res, 2001;4:134\u20136). A monochorionic placenta, determined using first-trimester ultrasound scans and confirmed by placental examination at birth, means the twin pair is MZ, with rare exceptions. Different-sex, dichorionic pairs are usually DZ. However, as approximately one-third of MZ pairs and nearly all DZ pairs have separate chorions and placentae, it is impossible to determine zygosity by placentation alone. For these pairs, a genetic test is essential.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-papers","category-publication"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"ta","enabled_languages":["en","si","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"si":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Twin pairs are either monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ). Diagnosis of zygosity has traditionally been based on sex, genetics and\/or chorionicity (Derom et al. Twin Res, 2001;4:134\u20136). A monochorionic placenta, determined using first-trimester ultrasound scans and confirmed by placental examination at birth, means the twin pair is MZ, with rare exceptions. Different-sex, dichorionic pairs are&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2047"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2049,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047\/revisions\/2049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2047"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2047"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sltr.ird.lk\/ta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}